The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the very first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a variety of applications they've attained. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our site provides custom writing help and editing help. The silver stylus, which functions as a closing device, has been put to use for the silverpoint writing. The copper press plate was the initial one ever utilized in the nation. You are permitted to submit your paper more than 1 time until the due date. This chair had many unique purposes. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you must do lots of research that's a hectic undertaking. The digitization of the Franklin papers is part of a bigger effort to produce historical materials readily available online. The y-axis indicates the overall amount of correspondence from monthly. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. There are a lot of resources available on the internet that provide suggestions for how to conserve money on everything from rent to food to transportation and leisure travel. After you make a determination about something that you want to accomplish, do your very best to adhere to it by setting out a definite plan for accomplishing it. Describe his later small business situation. The 30-Second Trick for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Benjamin Franklin is among our establishing male parents. He, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. All things considered, Benjamin Franklin influenced the history of earth and our country in a large number of means. He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. In reality, Republican voters have cited catching liberal hypocrites among their favourite pursuits. The majority of people think of Ben Franklin as a patriot but that's only one legacy he gave to our nation. They didn't care regarding their parishioners. Things You Should Know About Benjamin Franklin Research Paper I want to understand what you think of these Preliminaries. Second Franklin produced a library chair. Archives are available on the internet for a fee. Order Now Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Still sometimes we need to see for ourselves. For some, it appears to be. He invented an easy mileometer. The Start of Benjamin Franklin Research Paper This text might not be in its final form and could be updated or revised later on. As you select according to several facets, you will observe the corresponding visuals show up on the map and the timeline histogram. This histogram under the map will permit you to do 3 things. Prose was another issue. Our writers always create unique content that's totally free from all grammatical error. Next to some are historical markers which don't quite get it right. Because it was written, it's been printed in many distinct editions, some leaving out the very last pieces and changing its context. The main reason this paper is important is it highlights one of the numerous AI barriers, especially in vision. In addition, he contributed several articles employing different pseudonyms. Becoming busy for the interest of business isn't valuable. The development of this movement is something to be on the lookout for moving forward. In truth, it has even altered the manner that we think about what exactly is important and how we envision success. In reality, his life was run via this ideal, you ought to live life to its fullest.

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the very first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a variety of applications they've attained. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our site provides custom writing help and editing help. The silver stylus, which functions as a closing device, has been put to use for the silverpoint writing. The copper press plate was the initial one ever utilized in the nation. You are permitted to submit your paper more than 1 time until the due date. This chair had many unique purposes. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you must do lots of research that's a hectic undertaking. The digitization of the Franklin papers is part of a bigger effort to produce historical materials readily available online. The y-axis indicates the overall amount of correspondence from monthly. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. There are a lot of resources available on the internet that provide suggestions for how to conserve money on everything from rent to food to transportation and leisure travel. After you make a determination about something that you want to accomplish, do your very best to adhere to it by setting out a definite plan for accomplishing it. Describe his later small business situation. The 30-Second Trick for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Benjamin Franklin is among our establishing male parents. He, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. All things considered, Benjamin Franklin influenced the history of earth and our country in a large number of means. He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. In reality, Republican voters have cited catching liberal hypocrites among their favourite pursuits. The majority of people think of Ben Franklin as a patriot but that's only one legacy he gave to our nation. They didn't care regarding their parishioners. Things You Should Know About Benjamin Franklin Research Paper I want to understand what you think of these Preliminaries. Second Franklin produced a library chair. Archives are available on the internet for a fee. Order Now Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Still sometimes we need to see for ourselves. For some, it appears to be. He invented an easy mileometer. The Start of Benjamin Franklin Research Paper This text might not be in its final form and could be updated or revised later on. As you select according to several facets, you will observe the corresponding visuals show up on the map and the timeline histogram. This histogram under the map will permit you to do 3 things. Prose was another issue. Our writers always create unique content that's totally free from all grammatical error. Next to some are historical markers which don't quite get it right. Because it was written, it's been printed in many distinct editions, some leaving out the very last pieces and changing its context. The main reason this paper is important is it highlights one of the numerous AI barriers, especially in vision. In addition, he contributed several articles employing different pseudonyms. Becoming busy for the interest of business isn't valuable. The development of this movement is something to be on the lookout for moving forward. In truth, it has even altered the manner that we think about what exactly is important and how we envision success. In reality, his life was run via this ideal, you ought to live life to its fullest.

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the very first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a variety of applications they've attained. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our site provides custom writing help and editing help. The silver stylus, which functions as a closing device, has been put to use for the silverpoint writing. The copper press plate was the initial one ever utilized in the nation. You are permitted to submit your paper more than 1 time until the due date. This chair had many unique purposes. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you must do lots of research that's a hectic undertaking. The digitization of the Franklin papers is part of a bigger effort to produce historical materials readily available online. The y-axis indicates the overall amount of correspondence from monthly. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. There are a lot of resources available on the internet that provide suggestions for how to conserve money on everything from rent to food to transportation and leisure travel. After you make a determination about something that you want to accomplish, do your very best to adhere to it by setting out a definite plan for accomplishing it. Describe his later small business situation. The 30-Second Trick for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Benjamin Franklin is among our establishing male parents. He, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. All things considered, Benjamin Franklin influenced the history of earth and our country in a large number of means. He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. In reality, Republican voters have cited catching liberal hypocrites among their favourite pursuits. The majority of people think of Ben Franklin as a patriot but that's only one legacy he gave to our nation. They didn't care regarding their parishioners. Things You Should Know About Benjamin Franklin Research Paper I want to understand what you think of these Preliminaries. Second Franklin produced a library chair. Archives are available on the internet for a fee. Order Now Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Still sometimes we need to see for ourselves. For some, it appears to be. He invented an easy mileometer. The Start of Benjamin Franklin Research Paper This text might not be in its final form and could be updated or revised later on. As you select according to several facets, you will observe the corresponding visuals show up on the map and the timeline histogram. This histogram under the map will permit you to do 3 things. Prose was another issue. Our writers always create unique content that's totally free from all grammatical error. Next to some are historical markers which don't quite get it right. Because it was written, it's been printed in many distinct editions, some leaving out the very last pieces and changing its context. The main reason this paper is important is it highlights one of the numerous AI barriers, especially in vision. In addition, he contributed several articles employing different pseudonyms. Becoming busy for the interest of business isn't valuable. The development of this movement is something to be on the lookout for moving forward. In truth, it has even altered the manner that we think about what exactly is important and how we envision success. In reality, his life was run via this ideal, you ought to live life to its fullest.

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the very first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a variety of applications they've attained. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our site provides custom writing help and editing help. The silver stylus, which functions as a closing device, has been put to use for the silverpoint writing. The copper press plate was the initial one ever utilized in the nation. You are permitted to submit your paper more than 1 time until the due date. This chair had many unique purposes. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you must do lots of research that's a hectic undertaking. The digitization of the Franklin papers is part of a bigger effort to produce historical materials readily available online. The y-axis indicates the overall amount of correspondence from monthly. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. There are a lot of resources available on the internet that provide suggestions for how to conserve money on everything from rent to food to transportation and leisure travel. After you make a determination about something that you want to accomplish, do your very best to adhere to it by setting out a definite plan for accomplishing it. Describe his later small business situation. The 30-Second Trick for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Benjamin Franklin is among our establishing male parents. He, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. All things considered, Benjamin Franklin influenced the history of earth and our country in a large number of means. He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. In reality, Republican voters have cited catching liberal hypocrites among their favourite pursuits. The majority of people think of Ben Franklin as a patriot but that's only one legacy he gave to our nation. They didn't care regarding their parishioners. Things You Should Know About Benjamin Franklin Research Paper I want to understand what you think of these Preliminaries. Second Franklin produced a library chair. Archives are available on the internet for a fee. Order Now Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Still sometimes we need to see for ourselves. For some, it appears to be. He invented an easy mileometer. The Start of Benjamin Franklin Research Paper This text might not be in its final form and could be updated or revised later on. As you select according to several facets, you will observe the corresponding visuals show up on the map and the timeline histogram. This histogram under the map will permit you to do 3 things. Prose was another issue. Our writers always create unique content that's totally free from all grammatical error. Next to some are historical markers which don't quite get it right. Because it was written, it's been printed in many distinct editions, some leaving out the very last pieces and changing its context. The main reason this paper is important is it highlights one of the numerous AI barriers, especially in vision. In addition, he contributed several articles employing different pseudonyms. Becoming busy for the interest of business isn't valuable. The development of this movement is something to be on the lookout for moving forward. In truth, it has even altered the manner that we think about what exactly is important and how we envision success. In reality, his life was run via this ideal, you ought to live life to its fullest.

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper

The Most Ignored Answer for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the very first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a variety of applications they've attained. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our site provides custom writing help and editing help. The silver stylus, which functions as a closing device, has been put to use for the silverpoint writing. The copper press plate was the initial one ever utilized in the nation. You are permitted to submit your paper more than 1 time until the due date. This chair had many unique purposes. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. But unfortunately assignments aren't confined to limited ideas you must do lots of research that's a hectic undertaking. The digitization of the Franklin papers is part of a bigger effort to produce historical materials readily available online. The y-axis indicates the overall amount of correspondence from monthly. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. There are a lot of resources available on the internet that provide suggestions for how to conserve money on everything from rent to food to transportation and leisure travel. After you make a determination about something that you want to accomplish, do your very best to adhere to it by setting out a definite plan for accomplishing it. Describe his later small business situation. The 30-Second Trick for Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Benjamin Franklin is among our establishing male parents. He, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. All things considered, Benjamin Franklin influenced the history of earth and our country in a large number of means. He was one of the founding fathers of the United States. In reality, Republican voters have cited catching liberal hypocrites among their favourite pursuits. The majority of people think of Ben Franklin as a patriot but that's only one legacy he gave to our nation. They didn't care regarding their parishioners. Things You Should Know About Benjamin Franklin Research Paper I want to understand what you think of these Preliminaries. Second Franklin produced a library chair. Archives are available on the internet for a fee. Order Now Use the purchase calculator below and begin! Still sometimes we need to see for ourselves. For some, it appears to be. He invented an easy mileometer. The Start of Benjamin Franklin Research Paper This text might not be in its final form and could be updated or revised later on. As you select according to several facets, you will observe the corresponding visuals show up on the map and the timeline histogram. This histogram under the map will permit you to do 3 things. Prose was another issue. Our writers always create unique content that's totally free from all grammatical error. Next to some are historical markers which don't quite get it right. Because it was written, it's been printed in many distinct editions, some leaving out the very last pieces and changing its context. The main reason this paper is important is it highlights one of the numerous AI barriers, especially in vision. In addition, he contributed several articles employing different pseudonyms. Becoming busy for the interest of business isn't valuable. The development of this movement is something to be on the lookout for moving forward. In truth, it has even altered the manner that we think about what exactly is important and how we envision success. In reality, his life was run via this ideal, you ought to live life to its fullest.

Writing Fast Food Topics Essay

<h1>Writing Fast Food Topics Essay</h1><p>What a cheap food points article is about is perhaps the best thing that can happen to a paper. Actually, the quantity of understudies who appreciate composing this kind of paper is expanding. These articles are trying to compose and probably the most intriguing expositions on a theme like cheap food are in truth very unpredictable. There are numerous manners by which these expositions can be composed, with the goal that it will help the understudy in their decision of the subject, however you have to guarantee that the article is brief and that it is worth reading.</p><p></p><p>For composing this sort of paper, there are sure themes that you ought to expound on. Among these subjects are the following:</p><p></p><p>College placement tests: Fast food cafés are the primary things that strike a chord with regards to school selection tests. Actually, the utilization of these café s for taking school selection tests is very regular in each state. In the majority of the cases, this school placement tests are not for the understudies who concentrate for higher investigations. In any case, in certain states, a few understudies need to take the test at the assigned cafés in light of their families causing them to feel that they have to eat.</p><p></p><p>Restaurants that present cheeseburgers and fries: Restaurants that present burgers and fries are really considered as a decent method to invest some energy when heading off to college and this is the reason you will see numerous understudies taking up this subject while attending a university. Understudies are additionally specific about the food they will eat and even in the grounds feasting lobby, you will discover a great deal of hamburgers and French fries that understudies like to eat.</p><p></p><p>Burgers and Fries as a solid food: Burgers and fries are the fo od that is utilized to cause individuals to feel full. Truth be told, this is the motivation behind why the vast majority feel awesome when they go to cafés and go with their companions or family members. You ought to subsequently utilize this and compose a fastfood themes paper on how Burger King and McDonald's are acceptable and how cheeseburgers and fries are useful for your health.</p><p></p><p>How hamburgers and French fries alter individuals' perspectives: As referenced prior, hamburgers and French fries are utilizing to cause individuals to feel full. You ought to accordingly utilize this point and make a generally excellent utilization of it while composing an inexpensive food themes essay.</p><p></p><p>Big Burger chains: There are large Burger chains far and wide. You ought to accordingly utilize this theme and make an excellent utilization of it. Likewise, these chains are known for their burgers and fries.</p><p> ;</p><p>Keep at the top of the priority list that composing cheap food themes isn't that hard to do on the off chance that you comprehend what you are doing. You ought to along these lines make an investigation arrangement before composing the paper with the goal that you don't stall out on any point in the composing process.</p>

Generic Drugs A Drug Product - 1362 Words

INTRODUCTION: A Generic drug (generics) is a drug product that is comparable to a brand/reference-listed drug product in dosage form, strength, quality and performance characteristics, and intended use. These are produced and distributed without patent protection. The Generic drug must contain the same active ingredients as the original formulation. Generic drugs are identical or within an acceptable bioequivalent range to the brand name counterpart with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Most of the generic products are available once the patent protections afforded to the original developer is expired, when it happens it often leads to substantially lower prices for both the original brand name product and the generic forms. Drug patents in US give twenty years of protection, but as they are applied for before clinical trials begin, the effective life of a drug patent tends to be between seven and twelve years.1 WHY GENERIC DRUGS ARE INTRODUCED The principal reason for the relatively low price of generic medicines is 1. When patents no longer protect Drugs, competition increases among producers, companies create generic drugs at less cost and are therefore able to maintain profitability at a lower cost to consumers. The costs of these generic drugs are so low that many developing countries can easily afford them. 2. Generic manufacturers don t bring about the expense of medication disclosure and rather can reverse engineer known drug compounds toShow MoreRelatedSharing For Generic Abuse Analgesic Opioid Analgesic Drug Product And Require Medicaid Services Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagessharing for generic abuse-deterrent opioid analgesic drug product and require Medicaid services or a managed care organization to be compliant with the new sections to the bill ( Kentucky.gov, 2015). Bill #HB 330(BR-990) was filed and introduced into committee on Tuesday February 2nd, 2016 and sponsored by Addia Wuchner, Joni Jenkins, Linda Belcher, Regina Bunch, Kelly Flood, Kim King, Martha Jane King, Mary Lou Marzian, Donna Mayfield, Marie Rader, Rita Smart, Diane St. Onge, Susan Westrom and JillRead MoreFactors Affecting The Generic Drug Industry998 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowth in generic drugs has slowed considerably from 42% in 2011 to 10% currently. IMS Health predicts the growth to maximize at 90% of t he prescription market (Salazar, 2015). Though there is not much room between generic drugs currently representing 83% of prescription drugs and the predicted 90% maximum, the next twelve months appear a safe investment period for the generic drug industry when considering the currently growth rate. Many factors influence success in the generic drug industry;Read MoreGeneric Medicines And Its Effect On The Human Body1007 Words   |  5 Pages The generic medicine contains the same active substance as the original pharmaceutical products. Because it works the same way in the human body, therefore, interchangeable with the original product. The generic medicines are brought to market when the originator product patent has expired. Generic medicines are increasingly being used in family doctors, specialists and hospitals, as well as effective alternatives to higher-priced innovative medicines instead. The generic medicine contains the sameRead MoreGeneric And Name Brand Drugs1126 Words   |  5 Pagescompetition between generic and name-brand drugs, these drugs show very slight differences in ability while they have a large difference in price. The FDA is in charge of overseeing the creation of these generic and name brand drugs. Too much diversity in their results is unacceptable to FDA so they keep a close watch on the makeup and effectiveness of the drugs and how they impact the human body. Along with the differences in their chemical makeups shown by the results of each drug there are the socialRead MoreHarmful Effects On The Environment And Surrounding Agricultural Lands Are The Negative Externality Effects Associated With Coal Seam Gas1691 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of a barrier entry for Monsanto in forming their market power is through government-created monopoly. As a result of the US government patenting and establishing legislation, Monsanto has the ability to †Å"license† its product and other companies are unable to produce a product identical to it unless granted to. This leads to Monsanto gaining market power, as it is the only legal entity that is able to supply these patented seeds for a period of time. 2b) Patent laws protect the rights of inventorsRead MorePatent Strategies Like Evergreening Differently Impact The Developing World1227 Words   |  5 Pagesbut unoriginal, technologies through the filing of secondary applications. This contributes to increased medical costs by keeping lower-cost generic alternatives out of the marketplace. This chapter gives an overview of the evergreening strategies that are employed by branded pharmaceutical companies as a tactic to bypass existing patent laws and limit generic competition in the marketplace. The frequency of such strategies demands strong patent interpretations that are protective of the spirit ofRead MoreManufacturing Problems And Technological Efficiency1572 Words   |  7 Pages Manufacturing Problems and Technological Efficiency Part of the challenge regarding the drug shortage is the concept of efficiency in production. Prices for generics are lower than brand name drugs and therefore profitability margins are very narrow. For this reason there is little incentive to ensure that equipment is well maintained as this adds to costs and further decreases net income to the manufacturer. Quality is not rewarded in any tangible way and offers no significant advantage, soRead MoreCompetition Within The U.s. Pharmaceutical Industry1599 Words   |  7 Pagespotential is enormous. Demand is more inelastic as prescription drugs are necessary for many individuals with illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Within the industry, there are two types of manufacturers: brand name and generic. These groups compete not only among one another, but with each other as well. Brand name pharmaceutical companies often try to, and succeed in preventing or delaying approval and circulation of generic equivalents. The most common tactic used is a reverse paymentRead MoreGeneric Drug Sector Of The Healthcare Industry1113 Words   |  5 Pages and the generic drug sector of the healthcare industry is no different. The alignment, however, is an anomaly to schools of thought that we are accustomed to. Demand for generic drugs in the United States is unquestionably high. Designed to help offer lower cost options for medications, this market provides financial relief for individuals who need medication to help with a common virus or a life-threatening illness. The disparity of medication costs can be significant for generics, with estimatesRead MorePharmaceutical Practices - Generics Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesObstruction of Generic Pharmaceuticals in the Marketplace It has been estimated that most of the major pharmaceutical companies have engaged in some unusual practices to keep generic equivalents of their products from entering the marketplace. These measures usually have a negative effect on consumers and health care plan providers, prohibiting them from buying equally effective products at a discounted rate. The objective of the major pharmaceutical companies in attempting to prevent generics from entering

Research Paper Topics Collage

<h1>Research Paper Topics Collage</h1><p>If you are an undergrad understudy, you might be acquainted with explore paper subjects collection. They are not a similar thing as compositions. A montage is a progression of pictures. Though, an exploration paper subjects composition is a picture set or piece that is attracted and afterward controlled to shape a document.</p><p></p><p>Now you might be asking, what is a collection? There are numerous answers, yet the one I am going to give you is that a montage is a progression of pictures set up so as to shape a completed work of art.</p><p></p><p>Now in an examination paper subjects composition you have a picture set that you can use for a significant stretch of time. In the event that you buckle down on your examination paper and don't get around to doing it for about fourteen days then you can utilize your collection to flaunt how genuine you are. It resembles an approach t o say something and get your name known.</p><p></p><p>You don't need to draw the arrangement by hand. You can get a PC and a designs program that will permit you to draw the picture on the PC. At that point you can include content and change it as indicated by the state of mind you need. At the point when I was chipping away at my exploration paper subjects arrangement I thought that it was amusing to experience the entirety of the pictures and put them in sequential order.</p><p></p><p>When making your examination paper theme composition you can have various styles to browse. I found the ones that had pictures, made of paper, and were brilliant were ideal. You can even have them turned out in a progression of slides in the event that you are excessively lethargic to lay the photos out.</p><p></p><p>Another part of an exploration paper points composition is that you can utilize what ever you need as long as it f its the subject of your examination paper. The key is to do the examination and set up a draft of the paper. When you have completed your draft you can make changes as indicated by the state of mind you need to create.</p><p></p><p>When you do the exploration and set up your draft, you will need to pick the correct topic. After the entirety of you will likely make your exploration paper subjects montage the most fascinating and fun. When you have your subject chosen you can start the way toward getting your examination paper themes montage together.</p><p></p><p>You can have the exploration paper points collection done in one evening. Or then again you can take two or three days and do it gradually. Your alternatives are truly up to you however once you do your examination paper theme arrangement you will be happy you did.</p>

Educational Leadership Essay Sample

<h1>Educational Leadership Essay Sample</h1><p>There are numerous reasons why an educator should utilize an instructive initiative paper test in her or his class. Composing abilities, composing information, and scholarly composing aptitudes are created in a run of the mill study hall setting. These are immensely essential to have the option to show understudies all for the duration of their lives. On the off chance that the understudy has just taken in the ideas and abilities expected to do as such, this won't be an issue.</p><p></p><p>An exposition isn't just about the individual composing it, yet in addition how it can support the class or specific understudy. Now and again, the exposition might be considerably more accommodating than genuine guidance would be. They may even attract understudies to learn more by perusing it out loud.</p><p></p><p>The presentation area of an exposition is intended to help with the und erstudy's perception. The primary objective is to keep the peruser intrigued with the goal that they can be keen on the article to follow. A few understudies may battle with kicking their assignments off due to being too bored.</p><p></p><p>As long as the presentation segment is elegantly composed and graphic, it ought to be the educator's obligation to stand out enough to be noticed by delineating the subject of the article. It is urgent to have the option to show what kind of material they will cover, what they will learn, and the result of the exercise. This will at that point help in better understanding what the understudy needs to consider, what they have to realize, and how they can profit by the exercise. It is essential to have a target perspective on the exercises and the material, and to maintain a strategic distance from inclination so as to give the most suitable lesson.</p><p></p><p>The center of the paper is intended to give the starting degree of understudy's something intriguing to peruse. At the end of the day, the center encourages the understudy to get familiar with a smidgen about how things work. They find out about how the scholarly methodology and understudies work as a whole.</p><p></p><p>The end of the paper test is about what is finished with the exercise after the venture has been finished. By having a last end, it will give the understudy a tad of conclusion. It will likewise show that they had the option to get everything that they required. It might likewise tell them that there is something else entirely to learn if the understudy needs to proceed with the subject further.</p><p></p><p>The starting and the closure of the exposition test ought to be obvious to everybody. It ought to have the option to be perused without looking into the definitions for the terms. The understudy is now acquainted with the ideas and strategies that will be utilized in the paper. The primary target is to show what is relied upon of the understudy to do to form into a superior teacher.</p><p></p><p>If the understudy doesn't see how to compose a paper, an exposition test can truly be useful. It permits the understudy to understand it, get acquainted with it, and afterward compose an essay.</p>

Arranged Marriage Essay Topics - Find Out Where to Learn About Them

<h1>Arranged Marriage Essay Topics - Find Out Where to Learn About Them</h1><p>The number of masterminded marriage articles is extraordinary to such an extent, that it is hard to pick the best points for your exposition. It will likewise rely upon the development level of your youngster. This can be an extraordinary advantage, as they will love and regard you for picking a subject. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that you are searching for counsel, help and assets for composing your masterminded marriage exposition, you will discover a ton of these assets as books and individual websites.</p><p></p><p>First of all, I might want to express that the choice to compose a marriage article is an incredible advance for any of us, to consider our coexistence. In any case, when you are simply beginning, you need more time to find out about the significant points to expound on. You may even tragically learn a lot from an excessive number of sources and overlooking different parts that you ought not consider adapting excessively. Presently, where do you locate the reasonable themes for your paper? Simply let me let you know, the best spot is look for exhortation from other people.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous parts of orchestrated marriage articles that you might not have thought of previously. These incorporate subjects, for example, for what reason did you separate, your slip-ups and ethics. Such themes will make your paper one of a kind and fascinating. Take this article for instance, I needed to impart to my perusers about my missteps and ideals that have driven me to expound on my organized marriage and why I decided to have an arranged, orchestrated marriage.</p><p></p><p>What is the main subject that you need to expound on in your masterminded marriage exposition? This can be dubious in light of the fact that there are such huge numbers of subjects that can be utilized f or your article. Do you know the measures for choosing which subject to use?</p><p></p><p>First of all, you need to decide the topic. In the wake of choosing the subject, you can see the themes to look over. For my article, I chose to utilize a masterminded marriage topic as a manual for expound on my mix-ups and excellencies. In the event that you need assistance, I might want to suggest the books composed by Sheryl Smith, writers of the books A Marriage Contract and No Time To Lose.</p><p></p><p>The following stage is to find support from someone else to show you how to utilize the subjects appropriately. This will likewise ensure that you remember different subjects to utilize. So proceed to ask another person, a more established or a more youthful kin for exhortation. Along these lines, you will have the correct points to utilize and have your masterminded marriage exposition ready.</p><p></p><p>Once you cho ose the topic, the subsequent stage is to find support from an expert. My recommendation is look at the different marriage help administrations offered by web based wedding organizers and request one of these. You should simply to fill in your subtleties and sit tight for your customized help.</p>

Middle School Research Paper Outline Template

<h1>Middle School Research Paper Outline Template</h1><p>If you are battling to think of a blueprint for your center school inquire about paper, you should take a stab at utilizing a format that is explicitly intended for the reason. This will assist you with improving a blueprint since it is now set up and there are not very many of them.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals are under the feeling that you have to compose a layout for an examination paper in the event that you need it to be fruitful. In any case, in all actuality a great many people, even very much distributed writers, battle with this undertaking and don't have a clue how to get started.</p><p></p><p>They essentially bounce into the composition and simply don't have the foggiest idea where they should stop. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you utilize a format, it will prevent you from this issue and make things simpler for you. You can even purchas e a layout on the web and download it to your PC with the goal that you can utilize it for the entirety of your composing projects.</p><p></p><p>An plot doesn't need to be mind boggling. A basic diagram format can be utilized for any evaluation level, including center school inquire about papers, and anybody can utilize it.</p><p></p><p>The initial step to utilizing a paper plot layout is to figure out what points you need to cover in your paper. On the off chance that you are another creator or a center school understudy, at that point you might need to begin with subjects that are anything but difficult to cover and furthermore popular.</p><p></p><p>When a theme isn't famous or should be possible in a less complex manner, at that point it won't be as hard to cover. Your themes should be founded on some point that you have investigated for your paper or some subject that you have chosen to compose about.</p& gt;<p></p><p>After you have figured out what subjects you need to cover in your exploration paper, you should choose points that are pertinent to your point. This will make it simpler for you to structure your paper and will likewise make it simpler for you to separate your paper in sections.</p><p></p><p>Once you have wrapped up your layout for your center school explore paper, it will be simpler for you to compose the remainder of the paper. Utilizing a format will likewise assist you with sorting out the substance of your paper so it will be simpler to peruse and understand.</p>

The Power of Statistical Machine Translation Research Papers

<h1>The Power of Statistical Machine Translation Research Papers</h1><p>Have you at any point considered composing your own measurable machine interpretation explore papers? All things considered, in the event that you are a newbie in the field of this sort of studies, you should realize this is the most troublesome sort of inquires about that you will ever do. There are a great deal of complexities engaged with request to complete this sort of paper.</p><p></p><p>You may imagine that on the off chance that you will decipher content utilizing these looks into, you will have the option to utilize programmed instruments, however you have to ensure that the writings you are interpreting are the ones that are truly fascinating for you. On the off chance that you can't find any fascinating writings that you can utilize, you might need to begin utilizing a specialist's PC for the translations.</p><p></p><p>Statistical machin e interpretation explore papers for the most part expect you to break down or decipher content. Nonetheless, the issue lies in the way that you will always be unable to comprehend the content just as a prepared proficient interpreter would, so you may need to utilize some robotized apparatuses that will empower you to decipher text.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to finding the correct programming for this sort of study, there are various free or paid programming accessible available today for measurable machine interpretation inquire about papers. So you should locate the suitable instrument that will assist you with completing your studies.</p><p></p><p>However, the one thing that you have to remember when doing your factual machine interpretation inquire about papers is that you should never hurry into things. At the point when you race into things, you are bound to fall bogged down and your venture may likewise get delayed.</p>&l t;p></p><p>When it comes to settling on a choice on which machine interpretation explore papers you should utilize, you ought to go over audits and criticisms about different projects accessible in the market. Thusly, you will have the option to locate the most solid and best program to suit your needs.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you have to recall when examining machine interpretation look into papers is that you ought to consistently show restraint toward yourself. Try not to get baffled and don't get too amped up for it.</p><p></p><p>Being glad and hopeful is the most ideal approach to deal with things when doing your machine interpretation explore papers. At the point when you are sure and idealistic, you will have the option to carry out the responsibility just as the best.</p>

Essay Topics For Romeo and Juliet

<h1>Essay Topics For Romeo and Juliet</h1><p>Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well known sentimental romantic tales at any point composed. Shakespeare utilized it to make show, yet additionally to test his understudies for composing ability.</p><p></p><p>Shakespeare made Juliet a delightful and fascinating character with her rich excellence, cold appeal, and gutsy nature. During the play, the characters would experience passionate feelings for however with regards to their jobs throughout everyday life, Juliet is the one in particular who remains consistent with her lady's heart. At the end of the day, she is the best possibility for grade 9 paper topics.</p><p></p><p>While Juliet's status as sovereign should tell her that she will never be with Romeo, the way that they are darlings isn't something that could be handily precluded. Juliet's comical inclination is the thing that separates her from the average citizens around her. Likewise, during the wedding service, Juliet admits that she is envious of Romeo. This shows there is some degree of physical attraction.</p><p></p><p>During the play, when Romeo says he will never wed an average citizen, Juliet makes the effort and sings, 'You have kept an honorable name a secret forever.' At this second, she can turn the circumstance around to her kindness and simply like that, Romeo begins pursuing her.</p><p></p><p>It is here that Juliet's forces in the line of words become significantly more grounded. She utilizes the accompanying words to bring him once more from his sister's expressions of love and achieve an upbeat cutting off to the association: 'Farewell for the present, dear Romeo; I wish you farewell forever.'</p><p></p><p>Juliet is the lady for the activity of this piece. As she has been detracted from the others by Romeo, she assumes the job of an outcast. Through her mind and her reasonableness, she can win the core of a commoner.</p><p></p><p>But for Shakespeare, it was a lot of a snag for Juliet to survive. To such an extent that he felt free to expel her from the part, with the goal that she wouldn't create any turmoil in the audience.</p>

The System Of Working Of Railways - 1521 Words

RESEARCH PROBLEM: The research problem in our research is that the system of working of railways in New Zealand that means its routes and customer satisfaction. There are some parts of New Zealand where the railways don’t work in holidays like in AUCKLAND. Due to this the people face many problems. Rather there are some areas in south region where the railways tracks are not there which cause a lot of problem to the people living there. So basically, my issue of research is: †¢ Working of railways in New Zealand. †¢ To have views of people where there are no railways tracks. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: While your problem formulation serves to describe the aim of your thesis, the objectives provide an accurate description of the specific actions you will take in order to reach this aim. As with the problem formulation, the overall objective should be framed in a single sentence. The research objectives of our research are as following: †¢ To improve the system of working of rails in New Zealand. †¢ To learn about their customer service. †¢ To learn about their routes and services †¢ To provide them necessary improvement if required. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN: In our research, it is basically on New Zealand Railways. Under this research I made a questionnaire with the help of my teacher and friends which includes 2 parts – one is the demographic and other part include choice questions. Demographic part includes the respondent’s information. It include name and other details of theShow MoreRelatedThe Steam Railway And The Invention Of The Modern Age993 Words   |  4 PagesThe steam railway was a significant invention in the development of the modern age. I believe that the steam engine was the most important invention to come from the industrial revolution. 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How to Choose College Essay Topics

<h1>How to Choose College Essay Topics</h1><p>College paper subjects are picked by those composing the school expositions since they are significant. It is likewise a sort of presentation of the body of the exposition to the perusers, the perusers are keen on knowing the principle point and why the author is composing that specific article. In this way, in the event that you are composing a school paper, it would be a smart thought to pick the school exposition topics.</p><p></p><p>College article themes ought to be picked cautiously and one can just guarantee the most ideal paper in such manner. You can experience the tips underneath to assist you with your school paper themes. Probably the best plan to consider while picking a theme is to take a gander at the sectional and that too cautiously. In the event that a specific area is intriguing and illuminating, you should keep perusing that section.</p><p></p><p>Before you begin picking school article points, the primary thing you have to do is to make a rundown of the considerable number of parts that ought to be remembered for the exposition. At that point, you can attempt to compose these out separately, as indicated by their significance. All things considered, you should include some helpful data also. You will become more acquainted with progressively about what sort of themes will best suit your school exposition points after you have composed the entire essay.</p><p></p><p>The next thing that you have to recall while picking the school article subjects is that you have to attempt to abstain from utilizing those themes that you know nothing about. This is on the grounds that, you have to think about it that you can't in any way, shape or form think a lot about this subject and composing it may be a smart thought. Along these lines, you will wind up with some troublesome questions.</p><p></p><p> ;Some of the school paper points can incorporate those things that you may have found out about previously and you probably won't be certain how it identifies with the subject. In this way, in the event that you catch wind of some fascinating thought and attempt to consider it, you might need to remember it for your exposition. Other than this, another point that you should expound on is what may not appear to be fascinating however may be a significant component of the essay.</p><p></p><p>You need to search for schools that offer school exposition themes and afterward pick one of the most intriguing subjects. For this, you can search for school papers which have school exposition subjects in their databases. On the off chance that you discover a school paper theme with no hunt alternative, there is a decent possibility that it will be an exceptionally well known school article topic.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to choos e school exposition points. Be that as it may, the most ideal way is search for schools that offer numerous school paper themes and afterward attempt to think of the absolute best ones. Another approach to pick school paper themes is to select a school exposition application that contains school article topics.</p>

Essay Topics for Cultural Diversity Can Be Fun for Everyone

<h1> Essay Topics for Cultural Diversity Can Be Fun for Everyone</h1> <p>Completely free Cultural Diversity article tests can be found FreeEssayHelp with no installment or enrollment. References and concentrates from a few sources must be organized appropriately. As you pay for schoolwork, we give those choices gratis. This is extraordinary you have your private perspective, a few perceptions that you could share. </p> <p>Culture and finding out about different societies is totally important in schools today. Training is essential for an individual. Decent variety is comprehended to be the entirety of the techniques in which we contrast. Social decent variety in your group Writing about different societies in your group gives off an impression of being very straightforward and spellbinding. </p> <p>Therefore, in case you're intending to in the long run apply to graduate school, remember that you may need to compose still another decent variety articulation! Various circumstances may emerge that the clinical colleague must be prepared to deal with. To start composing your task you would need to experience a fascinating and promising point. Furthermore, a client may solicit the author to submit part from the activity for survey and, if necessary, request that her or him make revisions. </p> <h2> Choosing Essay Topics for Cultural Diversity Is Simple </h2> <p>Managing social assorted variety at work article social decent variety at work in the present fast changing overall market numerous association gives an expanded consideration to social decent variety and it has likewise come to be a significant independent venture concern as well. The greater assorted variety of believed that you have, the better your outcomes will likely be. You ought to hav e put yourself in the territory of assorted variety to have lived and inhaled uniqueness in order to expound effectively on how you'll bring about your school's various populace. As a result of the adjustments in workforce socioeconomics brought about by globalization this has prompted a commonsense worry of multi-social organizations. </p> <p>For model, Indians are renowned for their social insurance ability while Asians are notable for their innovation headway. The populace will be an ideal mix of societies through movement and intermarriages between people of various races. Americans accepts no cost rivalry and singularity. </p> <p>On the contrary hand assorted variety might be driving awful impact on business in it can make boundaries correspondence between representatives. It may be an incredible idea to respect social decent variety by developing the unmistakable highlights of people that originate from a few situations. The possibility of hereditary building has existed for a long time. Inside this period of raising overall correspondence, an individual should regard that social decent variety. </p> <h2> A Secret Weapon for Essay Topics for Cultural Diversity </h2> <p>Please portray your social and network administration interests and why you picked to partake inside them. Question 6 A various workforce is an advantage to the organization since it gives a wide pool of abilities and information that can be misused to support the business. It doesn't make a difference to us, regardless of whether you're excessively occupied at work focusing on an energy undertaking, or just bu rnt out on an apparently limitless stream of assignments. The absolute best way that bunches of global associations are directing organizations is having portrayals from all around the globe. </p> <p>There's, clearly, a breaking point on the scope of pages even our absolute best scholars can create with a squeezing cutoff time, yet for the most part, we make sense of how to fulfill all the customers looking for earnest help. There's a lot of data to process in the genuine Earth, and to be aware of probably some of it can have a critical effect. Close by the points, you'd find heaps of papers for nothing out of pocket. You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting an amazing evaluation. </p>

How to Write a Secondary Essay

<h1>How to Write a Secondary Essay</h1><p>The scholastic composing school or college optional article is normally a long procedure wherein the author needs to plunk down and break down the way toward composing a paper. Once in a while this can take up a lot of time however there are approaches to help with this errand and truly ensure that you convey what you hope to get. There are a few things you can do to guarantee that your optional exposition turns out right.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consistently begin by seeing what sort of auxiliary article you are composing. On the off chance that it is a scholarly one, you should compose the primary postulation of the paper as a different exposition. This is done with the goal that you don't wind up being led on in a confounding manner. Start by composing a couple of sentences about what you have written in your essential essay.</p><p></p><p>Then return and investigate your e ssential article and roll out any improvements that you have to make before you start to compose your optional paper. When you are happy with the central matter you should begin pondering how you can improve this point so as to make it intriguing for the peruser. Include significant focuses in this area so the peruser feels that they are in full information on what they are reading.</p><p></p><p>You ought to never bounce into composing your optional article without first thinking about how you will move toward this errand. You should initially make a rundown of focuses that you believe are indispensable to your article. The most ideal approach to move toward this progression is to make a fundamental framework of the article and afterward include all the focuses that you feel merit expounding on. As you include focuses, ensure that you talk about them individually and not start with the end in mind.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise co nsider what sort of subjects you can remember for your auxiliary article. As referenced above, ensure that you examine all the focuses that you feel are crucial in your essential essay.</p><p></p><p>Once you have secured all the focuses, proceed onward to another and progressively significant point. You can begin by contemplating the significant focuses that you will cover and afterward go onto to expound on what these are.</p><p></p><p>Once you have finished your diagram, it's an ideal opportunity to move onto the subsequent stage. Ensure that you attempt to write in a consistent way.</p><p></p><p>Remember that composing an optional article isn't difficult work. The key is to realize where to begin and to follow a precise way to deal with the composing process.</p>

Research Paper For Sale - The Best Way to Get Your Research Paper Published

Research Paper For Sale - The Best Way to Get Your Research Paper PublishedMost students are planning to submit their research paper for sale to a school library or another institution for a higher price. This is most likely due to the fact that it will be used as a classroom study guide. As for universities, this is the easiest and quickest way of getting your paper published and its publication is normally considered more effective than submitting it to one of the commercial publishers. As you know, the submission of a research paper for sale to the publisher is usually a long process.The submission process of the paper for sale is usually done within a few days to two weeks. Then, one must wait till the publisher receives the paper for resubmission. At times, they might send the materials back if the research paper for sale is not satisfactory. But, if it's a very good paper, they might also publish it immediately without any trouble.However, there is an advantage with the researc h paper for sale. A student can save his/her time when it comes to submitting it for publishing. The research paper for sale that you submit will be at the disposal of the university or school anytime. You just have to pay the fee and submit it.Similarly, when you plan to submit a business research paper for sale, the same will usually get published after some time. In fact, many publishers will allow you to get the paper published on their own website even. This will help you save more money that you otherwise spend on the standard submission to the publisher.It should be noted that when your papers are published online, they will normally get quicker results. This is because online journals are usually more practical and efficient. There's no need to edit your work for publication and also you don't have to wait for much before it gets published.Of course, the most important factor with this type of publishing is speed. The quicker it gets published, the faster your research will be acknowledged. In case your research gets published earlier, then it means that the publication will receive a wider circulation, which will then give you more credibility.The earlier your research is published, the better it is for your way of presenting yourself in the eyes of the audience and this is why you should keep in mind the importance of the fact that you're providing timely information. Your research paper for sale that you submit should be timely and a lot of effort will be necessary to ensure that it gets published as quickly as possible.Online publishing is the best alternative in getting your paper published quickly. It saves you the hassle of having to submit your paper to multiple publishing houses and also the expenses that you would have otherwise paid for the submission process.

Module for Grade English Free Essays

Selection of Purposes for Collaboration Estimated Time: 10 minutes Choose a unit that you would like to make more collaborative. Review the learning objectives for your unit and brainstorm which objectives might be suitable as purposes for collaboration. Teaching Unit Objectives Suitable for Collaboration Unit 4- The Wedding Dance by Matador Adagio Perform the tribal dance of the lawful Present a choral singing of the song â€Å"Letting Go† Make a travelogue about Baggie City featuring the alfalfa belief, customs and traditions Activity 4: Collaborators and Tools Estimated Time: 20 minutes Describe your plan for Including collaboration In your unit In the table below. We will write a custom essay sample on Module for Grade English or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Note: If you have multiple collaborative activities, with unique dimensions, you may want to create separate tables for each by copying and pasting the table for another set. ) Note: You will complete the Digital Tool section of your plan in Module 3. Purpose Scope Type Collaborators Digital Tool To maximize the participation of the students In their group activity Each group will be given 20 malls. Per session which will last for a week to prepare for the presentation Group actively Students of Grade 7-A Tribal dance- (You Tube) Travelogue- (Yahoo, Google, Electronic Publication) Brief Description of Possible Collaborative Activity(sees): -Students who belong to the group of tribal dance will research on the internet particularly in you tube on how to perform the dance, one of them may act as the choreographer, costume designer, technical director and the others will be the dancers -For the choral singing group, they may open the You Tube to search for the lyric, tone and singer of the song or they may refer to a recorded music, to maximize their participation, one of them may act as the conductress, musician, costume signer, technical director and the rest are choral singers. – The travelogue group, they will use the electronic publication software for the lay out of the travelogue. They may also surf on the internet for the beliefs, customs and traditions of the lawful or they may search for the photos of Baggie City to be included in their travelogue. One of them may be the editor, feature writer, photographer, lay out artist, researcher, compiler, the money keeper, the auditor and the rest are the presenters to be able to maximize the participation of each. Lesson 3: Assessment in Collaborative Classrooms Activity 3: Self- and Peer Assessment of Collaboration Describe how you might use the collaboration assessments you saved. Assessment How You Will Use It K-W-L-H Chart At the start of the discussion, I will let the students fill in the K-W-L chart for their assign activity and use this information in planning what to teach Collaboration Checklist Students will fill out collaboration checklist after each activity to assess how much monitor their progress individually. Problem solving checklist Students will fill out this checklist after each activity to monitor the difficulties that they have encountered during the project. They will exchange checklist with their group mates to be able to evaluate if they have the same difficulty and will find solution to the problem. I will use this checklist to identify the difficulty of the project and be able to adjust my activities. Lesson 4: Module Review Activity 1: Module Summary Think about the design of collaborative activities and the assessment of collaboration skills as you reflect on your learning in this module. Designing a collaborative activity is not an easy task. We must consider how to group the learners, what would be our basis in grouping them, what activity must suit to the opacities of the learners per group and how are we going to assess their work since it is a group activity. Aside from that, we must closely monitor each learner while doing the activity because sometimes we cannot avoid misunderstanding to occur between or among group mates which if not immediately address, results to ruined or unfinished activity. I am happy that I have gained a lot of ideas on how to improve the design of my collaborative activities with the integration of the online tools. Hope I can learn more about on line tools so that I can apply them to my learners very soon. How to cite Module for Grade English, Papers

Shortening of Words and Their Features free essay sample

Shortening of spoken words 2. 2. Blendening of words 3. 2. Back formation 4. 2. Back formation as a source for shortening of words III. Conclusion 1. 3. Total review of the subject discussed 2. 3. The ways of applying of the work IV. Bibliography Introduction 1. 1 Common characteristics of the course paper The theme of my course paper sounds as following: â€Å"Type of shortening and their function in Modern English† This course paper can be characterized by the following: The actuality of this work caused by several important points. We seem to say that the shortening of the words is one of the main trends in development of Modern English, especially in its colloquial layer, which, in its turn at high degree is supported by development of modern informational technologies and simplification of alive speech. So the significance of our work can be proved by the following reasons: a) Shortening of words is one of the developing branches of lexicology nowadays. b) Shortening reflects the general trend of simplification of a language. c) Shortening is closely connected with the development of modern informational technologies. ) Being a developing branch of linguistics it requires a special attention of teachers to be adequate to their specialization in English. Having based upon the actuality of the theme we are able to formulate the general goals of our course paper. a) To study, analyze, and sum up all the possible changes happened in the studied branch of linguistics for the past fifty years. b) To teach the problem of shortening to young English learners. c) To demonstrate the significance of the problem for those who want to brush up their English. d) To mention all the major of linguists’ opinions concerning the subject studied. If we say about the new information used within our work we may note that the work studies the problem from the modern positions and analyzes the modern trends appeared in this subject for the last ten years. In particular, the shorten language of computer chats was taken into consideration. The practical significance of the work can be concluded in the following items: a) The work could serve as a good source of learning English by young teachers at schools and colleges. b) The lexicologists could find a lot of interesting information for themselves. ) those who would like to communicate with the English-speaking people through the Internet will find a shortened language of chats in our course paper Having said about the linguists studied the material before we can mention that our course paper was based upon the investigations made by a number of well known English, Russian and Uzbek lexicologists as A. I. Smirnitsky, B. A. Ilyish, N. Buranov, V. V. Vinogradov, O. Jespersen and som e others. If we say about the methods of scientific approaches used in our work we can mention that the method of typological analysis was used. The novelty of the work is concluded in including the language of charts to one of the chapter of the course paper. The general structure of our course paper looks as follows: The work is composed onto three major parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. Each part has its subdivision onto the specific thematically items. There are two points in the introductory part: the first item tells about the general content of the work while the other gives us the general explanation of the lexicological phenomenon of shortening in a language. The main part bears the eight points in itself. The first point explains the shortening of spoken words in particular. The second item analyzes the phenomenon of graphical abbreviations and acronyms. In the third point we study abbreviations as the major way of shortening. In the fourth paragraph of the course paper we deal with the secondary ways of shortening: sound interchange and sound imitation. The fifth paragraph takes into consideration the question of Blendening of words. The sixth item shows us the back formation examples. The last paragraph of the main part analyzes the homonymy influence onto the appearing of shortening. The conclusion of the course paper sums up the ideas discussed in the main part (the first item) and shows the ways of implying of the course paper (in the second item). 2. 1 General definition of homonyms Word-building processes involve not only qualitative but also quantitative changes. Thus, derivation and compounding represent addition, as affixes and free stems, respectively, are added to the underlying form. Shortening, on the other hand, may be represented as significant subtraction, in which part of the original word is taken away. The spoken and the written forms of the English language have each their own patterns f shortening, but as there is a constant exchange between both spheres, it is sometimes difficult to tell where a given shortening really originated. SHORTENING OF WORDS AND MINOR WAYS OF WORD-FORMING The shortening of words consists in sub-of words Graphical a part for a whole. The process Ð ¾f shortening is not confined only to words; many word-groups also beco me shortened in the process of communication. Therefore, the term shortening of words is to be regarded as conventional, as it involves the shortening of both words and word-groups. Distinction should be made between shortening of words in written speech and in the sphere of oral intercourse. Shortening of words in written speech results in graphical abbreviations which are, in fact, signs representing words and word-groups of high frequency of occurrence in various spheres of human activity; note, for instance, RD for Road and St for Street in addresses on envelopes and in letters; to for tube, are for aerial in Radio Engineering literature, etc. English graphical abbreviations include rather numerous shortened variants of Latin and French words and word-groups, e. g. a. m. (L. nte meridian)—in the morning, before noon; p. m. (L. post meridian)—’in the afternoon, afternoon; i. e. (L. widest)—that is; R. S. V. P. (Fr. Repondez sil vous plait) — reply please, etc. The characteristic feature of graphical abbreviations is that they are restricted in use to written speech, occurring only in various kinds of texts, articles, books, advertisements, letters, etc. In reading many of them are substituted by the words and phrases that they represent, e. g. , Dr. -doctor, Mr. -mister, Oct. -October, etc. , the abbreviations of Latin and French words and phrases being usually read as their English equivalents. It is only natural that in the course of language development some graphical abbreviations should gradually penetrate into the sphere of oral intercourse and, as a result, turn into lexical abbreviations used both in oral and written speech. That is the case, for instance, with M. P. Member of Parliament, S. O. S. Save our Souls, etc. Lexical Shortened variants of words and shortening, phrases are used as independent lexical units with a certain phonetic shape and a semantic structure of their own. Some of them occur both in oral and written speech, others only in oral colloquial speech, cf. us, mike, phone, on the one hand, and trig, math’s, sis, on the other. In most cases a shortened word exists in the vocabulary together with the longer word from which it is derived and usually has the same lexical meaning1 differing only in emotive charge and stylistic reference. The question naturally arises whether the shortened forms and the original forms should be considered separate words. Some linguists hold the view that as the two units (e. g. exam and examination) do not differ in meaning but only in stylistic application, it would be wrong to apply the term word to the shortened unit. In fact, the shortened unit is a word-variant (e. g. exam is a word-variant of the word examination). Other linguists contend that even when the original word and its shortened form are generally used with a difference in the implied tone of feeling they are both to be recognized as two distinct words. If this treatment of the process of word-shortening is accepted, the essential difference between the shortening of words and the usual process of word-formation (such as affixation, compounding, etc. ) should be pointed out. It will be recalled that words built by affixation, for instance, are of a more complex character both structurally and semantically, cf. teach—teacher, develop—s- development, usual-unusual, etc. It is not the case with word-shortening; shortened words are structurally simple words and, as was mentioned above, in most cases have the same lexical meaning as the longer words from which they are derived. Another peculiarity of word-shortening if treated as a derivational process is that there are no structural patterns after which new shortened words could be coined. At any rate, linguistic research has failed to establish any so far. Among shortenings of the lexical type distinction should be made between lexical abbreviations and clippings- Lexical abbreviations are formed by a simultaneous operation of shortening and compounding universally applied to them in Soviet linguistic literature. They are made up of the initial sounds or syllables of the components of a word-group or a compound word usually of a terminological character. There are two ways to read and pronounce such abbreviations: As a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters, e. . Ð’. Ð’. Ð ¡,[bi:bi:si:] = British Broadcasting Corporation; -T. V. [ti:vi:] television; etc. as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent letters, i. e. as if the abbreviations were ordinary words, e. g. UNO [ju:noy] = United Nations Organization; NATO [neitou] = North Atlantic Treaty Organization; laser [‘leiza] light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; etc. As a rule, lexical abbreviations do not include functio nal words (prepositions, articles, etc. ). although there are some exceptions, e. g. R. and D. [ a:rsndi:] research and development program. In some cases only the first component of a two-member word-group or the first two components of a three-member group are shortened, the last one undergoing no change at all, e. g. V-day rvi: dei]Victory Day; H-bomb reitj bnm] hydrogen Domb; V. J. -Day [vidgeidei] = Victory over Japan Day, etc. As a general rule, lexical abbreviations first make their appearance in written speech, mostly in newspaper style and in the style of scientific prose, and gradually find their way into the sphere of oral intercourse. [1] Clipping consists in the cutting off of one or several syllables of a word. In many cases the stressed syllable is preserved, e. g. sis from sister, Jap from Japanese, doc from doctor, etc. Diminutives of proper names are often formed in this way, e. g. AH from Alfred, Ed from Edward, Sam from Samuel, etc. Sometimes, however, it is the unstressed syllable that remains e. g. phone from telephone, plane from airplane, dome from aerodrome, etc. Traditionally clippings are classified into several types depending on which part of the word is clipped: Words that have been shortened at the end—the so called apocope [opokop], Ð µ. g. ad from advertisement, lab from laboratory, etc. Words that have been shortened at the beginning—the so-called aphaeresis [afiansisj — Ð µ. g. car from motor-car, phone from telephone, etc. Words in which some syllables or sounds have been omitted from the middle—the so-called syncope [sinkapi] — Ð µ. g. math’s from mathematics, pants from pantaloons specs from spectacles, etc. Words that have been clipped both at the beginning and at the end, e. g. flu from influenza, tic from detective, frig from refrigerator, etc. It is typical of word-clipping in Modern English that in most cases it is the nouns that are shortened. There are very few clipped adjectives all of them belonging to jargonize, e. g. add from ardent, dilly from delightful and some others. As for clipped verbs it is usually a case of conversion from clipped nouns, e. g. to taxi from taxi, to phone from phone, to perm from perm—a permanent wave, etc. 1) When performing in the sentence some peculiarities the syntactical functions of ordinary of Clipped words and lexical Abbreviations, abbreviations take on grammatical inflections, e. g. exams, M. P. s (will attack huge arms bill), (Tory) M. P. ’s (concern at), etc. These two categories of shortened words may be used with the definite and the indefinite article, e. g. the Ð’. Ð’. Ð ¡, a bike, the radar, etc. [2] They may be combined with derivational affixes and also be used in compounding, e. g. Y. Ð ¡ L. -er— member of the Y. C. L. ; M. P. -ess—woman-member of Parliament; hanky from handkerchief, nighttime from nightdress (with the diminutive suffix -ie); radar man— etc. Clipped words are characteristic of colloquial speech. The number of clipped words used in everyday speech is rather considerable and newly clipped words keep entering the vocabulary. In the course of time many clipped words find their way into the literary language losing their stylistic coloring, though not infrequently they still preserve the stamp of colloquial words and, as a result, are restricted in use. The term blending is used to de- § 39. Blending signage the method of merging parts of words (not morphemes) into one new word; the result is a blend, also known as a portmanteau word. The noun smog is an example in point. It is composed of the parts of the nouns smoke and fog (smoke-Hog). Thus blending is in fact compounding by means of clipped words. The result of blending is an unanalyzed, simple word, for the parts of words blended by the word-coiner (for instance, sin and go in smog) are not morphemes at all in terms of the English language. Therefore a blend is perceived as a simple word unless speakers have received the extra-linguistic information about its composition. Many blends are short-lived. A fair proportion, however, have become established in the vocabulary, e. g. clash—clap H-crash or dash; flush = flash blush; brunch—breakfast-Ð ¬ lunch; 5language=slang-language; amaze smoke haze, etc. In most cases blends belong to the colloquial layer of words sometimes bordering on slang, e. g. amaze, brunch, language, politician pollute politician, etc. There are numerous blends, however, in the terminological sector of the vocabulary, e. g. recon=radar beacon; transceiver = transmitter-receive; transistor=transfer resistor, etc. In considering the diachronic and the formation synchronic approach to language study (see Introduction,  § 2) reference was made, in particular, to the verb to beg derived from the noun beggar borrowed from Old French. The noun beggar was later presumed to have been derived from a shorter word on the analogy of the derivative correlation of the speak—speaker type. This process of word-formation is called backformation (or back-derivation) and has diachronic relevance only. It does not affect the derivative correlation for present-day speakers who do not feel any difference between the relationship speak— speaker, on the one hand, and beg—beggar, on the other. Examples of backformation are numerous: to burgle from burglar; to edit from editor; to enthuse from enthusiasm; to sculpt from sculptor, to liaise from liaison, etc. At the present time backformation combined with conversion seems to be active in the formation of verbs from compound nouns mostly of a terminological character, e. g. to blood-transfuse from blood-trans fusion =; to rush-develop from rush-development; to finger-print from finger-printing; to baby-sit from baby-sitter etc. Sound-interchange is the gradation of e. g. Sound- and stress- sounded occupying one and the same interchange. Place in the sound-form of one and the same morpheme in various cases of its occurrence. Both sound and stress-interchange may be regarded as ways of forming words only diachronically because in Modern English not a single word can be coined by changing the root-vowel of a word or by shifting the place of the stress. Sound-interchange as well as stress-interchange is absolutely non-productive and in fact has turned into a means of distinguishing between different words, primarily between words of different parts of speech and as such is rather wide-spread in Modern English, e. g. to sing—song, to live—life, to breathe—breath, etc. It also distinguishes between different word-forms, e. g. an—men, wife—wives, to know—knew, to leave—left, etc. Sound-interchange naturally falls into two groups: vowel-interchange and consonant-interchange. By means of vowel-interchange we distinguish different parts of speech, e. g. full—to fill, food—to feed, blood-to bleed, etc. In some cases vowel-interchange is combined with a ffixation, e. g. long—length, strong—strength, broad— breadth; nature—natural, nation—national, etc. Intransitive verbs and corresponding transitive ones with a causative meaning also display vowel-interchange, e. g. to rise—to raise, to sit—to set, to He—to lay, to fall—to fell. The type of consonant-interchange typical of Modern English is the interchange of a voiceless fricative consonant in a noun and the corresponding voiced consonant in the corresponding verb, e. g. : use—to use, mouth—to mouth, house-to house, advice—to advise, etc. There are some particular cases of consonant-interchange: [k]—[tj]: to speak—speech; to break—breach; [s]—[dj:] defense—to defend; offence—to offend; [sj—ft]: evidence-evident; importance—important; etc. Consonant-interchange may be combined with vowel-interchange, e. g. bath—to bathe; breath—to breathe; life—to live, etc. Many English verbs of Latin-French origin are distinguished from the corresponding nouns by the position of stress. Here are some well-known examples of such pairs of words: export  «Ã¢â‚¬â€to export o; import n—to import v; conduct n—to conduct v; present n—to present v; contrast n— to contrast u; increase n—-to increase v, etc. Stress-interchange is not restricted to pairs of words consisting of a noun and a verb. It may also occur between other parts of speech, for instance, between adjective and verb, cf. frequent adj—to frequent v, absent ad\— to absent v, etc. Relationship Sound-interchange in English is often Between sound (stress)- combined with a difference only in the interchange paradigm. Hence the question arises and conversion. Of the relativistic between sound-interchange and conversion. To investigate the problem the following three types of relations should be distinguished: 1)Breath—to breathe As far as cases of this type are concerned, sound-interchange distinguishes only between words; it does not differentiate word-forms of one and the same word. Consequently it has no relation to the paradigms of the words. Hence, cases of this type cannot be regarded as conversion. )Song—to sing In the given example the vowel in song interchanges with three different vowels, the latter interchanging with one another in the forms of the verb to sing:[3] [pic] Like the previous type, the words song—to sing is not related by conversion: song differs from to sing (sang, sung) not only in the paradigm, its root-vowel not occ urring in the word-forms of the verb and vice versa. 3) House—to house In such cases the type of sound-interchange used to distinguish the two words (verb and noun) is the same as that which distinguishes the word-forms of the noun, cf. house [haus]—houses [hauziz] and to house [hauz]. Consequently, the only difference between the two words lies in their paradigms, in other words, word-pairs like house—to house are cases of conversion. It is fairly obvious that in such cases as present—to present, accent—-to accent, etc. which differ in the position of stress the latter does not distinguish the word-forms within the paradigm of the two words. Thus, as far as cases of this type are concerned, the difference in stress is similar to the function of sound-interchange in cases like breath—to breathe. Consequently, cases of this type do not belong to conversion. 1. Shortening of words and word summary groups is typical of present-day English a one occurring in various spheres of oral and written intercourse. Graphical abbreviations are restricted in use to written speech. Lexical abbreviations and especially clippings are peculiar to the sphere of oral communication The result of blending which is a compounding of clipped words is always a simple word. In most cases blends belong to the colloquial layer of words. There are, however, numerous blends in the terminological section of the vocabulary. The process of back formation is of diachronic relevance only. The function of sound-interchange and stress-inter change in Modern English is to distinguish between different words and word-forms. Sound-interchange is often accompanied by affixation. The Main Part 1. 2 SHORTENING OF SPOKEN WORDS As a type of word-building shortening of spoken words, also called clipping or curtailment, is recorded in the English language as far back a the 15th century. 1 It has grown more and more productive ever since. This growth becomes especially marked in many European languages in the 20th century, and it is a matter of common knowledge that this development is particularly intense in English. Newly shortened words appear continuously; this is testified by numerous neologisms, such as dub v, a cinema term meaning to make another recording of sound-track in a film in a different language (from double); frig or fridge n from refrigerator; mike n from microphone; tellie, telly or T. V. n from television set; vacun from vacuum cleaner, etc. Many authors are inclined to overemphasize the role of the strain of modern life as the mainspring of this development. This is, obviously, only one of the reasons, and the purely linguistic factors should not be overlooked. Among the major forces are the demands of rhythm, which are more readily satisfied when the words are monosyllabic. When dealing with words of long duration, one will also note that a high percentage of English shortenings are involved into the process of loan word assimilation. Monosyllabic goes farther in English than in any other European language, and that is why shortened words sound more like native ones than their long prototypes. Curtailment may therefore be regarded as caused, partly at least, by analogical extension, i. . modification of form on the basis of analogy with existing and widely used patterns. Thus, the three homonyms resulting from abbreviation of three different words, van a large covered vehicle, a railway carriage, the short for caravan (by aphesis1); van the front of an army, the short of vanguard which in its turn is a clipping of the French word avant-garde; and van — a lawn tennis term, the short for advantage, all sound quite like English words. Cf. ban n and v, can, fan, man, ran (Past Tense of run), tan, etc. Shortening of spoken words or curtailment consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (whether or not this part has previously been a morpheme), as a result of which the new form acquires some linguistic value of its own. The part retained does not change phonetically, hence the necessity of spelling changes in some of the examples above (dub:: double, mike :: microphone, etc. ). The change is not only quantitative: a curtailed word 2 is not merely a word that has lost its initial, middle or final part. Nor is it possible to treat shortening as just using a part for the whole as Hackett suggests, because a shortened word is always in some way different from its prototype in meaning and usage. Moreover, every kind of shortening differs’ from derivation, composition and conversion in being not a new arrangement of existing morphemes, but often a source of new ones. Shortening may be regarded as a type of root creation because the resulting new morphemes are capable of being used as free forms and combine with bound forms. They can take functional suffixes: Refs Warning Works Magic (the title of a newspaper article about a football match where the referee called both teams together and lectured them on rough play). Cf. Sing. — bike, bod, 1 PI. — bikes, bodes, Inf. — to vac, 2 Part. I — vacking, Past Tense and Part. II — vacked. They also serve as basis for further word-formation: fancy n (from fantasy), fancy v, fancier n, fanciful adj, fancifully adv, fancifulness n, fancy-ball n, fancy-dress n, fancy-work n, etc. It is interesting in this connection to compare the morphemes â€Å"tele† in television and telecast. They are homonymous but not identical. Tele- in television is derived from â€Å"Grtele far†, it is a combining form used to coin many special terms denoting instruments and processes which produce or record results at a distance, such as telecommunication, telemechanics, telepathy, telephone, telescope and television itself. Tele- in telecast does not mean far, it is a new development — the shortened variant of television rendering a special new notion. This becomes obvious from the following simple transformations: television vision at a distance, tele(broad)cast HO a broadcast at a distance,3 tele (broad) cast a television broadcast. In this new capacity tele- enters many combinations: telefilm, tele-prompter (an electronic device that slowly unrolls the speakers text, in large print out of sight of the audience), televiewer one who uses a television set, telestar (Anglo-American satellite used as television relay station). The correlation of a curtailed word with its prototype is of great interest. Two possible developments should be noted: 1. The curtailed form may be regarded as a variant or a synonym differing from the full form quantitatively, stylistically and sometimes emotionally, the prototype being stylistically and emotionally neutral, e. g. doc :: doctor; exam :: examination. Also in proper names: Becky:: Rebecca, Frisco :: San Francisco, Japs :: the Japanese. The missing part can at all times be supplied by the listener, so that the connection between the prototype and the short form is not lost. The relationship between the prototype and the curtailment belongs in this case to the present-day vocabulary system and forms a relevant feature for synchronistic analysis. Much yet remains to be done in studying the complex relations between the prototype and the clipping, as it is not clear when one should consider them two separate synonymous words and when they are variants of the same word. 2. In the opposite extreme case the connection can be established only etytnologically. The denotative or lexico-grammatical meaning, or both, may have changed so much that the clipping becomes a separate word. Consequently a pair of etymological doublets1 comes into being. Cf. chap:: chapmen a peddlers, fan an enthusiastic devotee :: fanatic, fancy :: fantasy, miss -. . mistress. A speaker who calls himself a football fan would probably be offended at being called a fanatic. A fanatic is understood to have unreasonable and exaggerated beliefs and opinions that make him socially dangerous, whereas a fan is a harmless devotee of a specified amusement. The relationship between curtailed forms and prototypes in this second group is irrelevant to the present-day voc abulary system, and is a matter of historic, i. e. diachronistic study. In both types the clipped forms (doc, exam, chap, fan, etc. ) exist in the language alongside their respective prototypes. The difference, however, is that whereas words belonging to the first group can be replaced by their prototypes and show in this way a certain degree of interchangeability, the doublets are never equivalent lexically as there are no contexts where the prototype can replace the shortened word without a change of meaning. The possibility of substitution in case of variants may be shown by the following example: if a newspaper article about a certain musician2 is entitled The Boss of the Tenor Sax, there is nothing very unusual in substituting saxophone for sax (The Boss of the Tenor Saxophone). The prototype is stylistically neutral and therefore it can stand for the curtailed word. A similar example is furnished by the following heading of a brief newspaper note about the prescription of eyeglasses for racing horses in Chicago. It runs as follows: Racehorses Are Fitted with Specs. The substitution of spectacles for specs would make the heading a little less lively but not unacceptable. This substitution, as a rule, can go only one way. It would be, for instance, impossible to use mug for magazine in the following passage of literary criticism: The public he [Ch. Dickens] wrote for was largely a new public brought to consciousness by the industrial revolution, a public for which magazine proprietors had not catered before 1832 (W. ALLEN) The specific stylistic character of the clipped form greatly limits the possibilities of usage. The semantic status of the group of variants (or synonyms) and that of the group of doublets is also different. Curtailed words of the first group (variants) render one of the possible meanings of the prototype creating by this very novelty a greater expressiveness, a colloquial or slangy shade and often emotional coloring as well. The following extract will illustrate this coloring: Still, I suppose you want to find your room. I wonder where theyve put you. Half a mo — /// come down and look on the board. You go and make the co//, Con she called back as she came downstairs, 1 shant be a jiff. Everything with her was an abbreviation. Striking a match by the notice board, she searched for the number of my room. Presuming the Ass Mats remembered The who? Assistant Matron, old Fanny Harriman (M. DICKENS) It is typical of the curtailed words to render only one of the secondary meanings of a polysemantic word. For instance the verb double may mean to multiply by two, to increase twofold, to amount to twice as much; when used by musicians it means to add the same note in a higher or a lower octave. In a military context the meaning is to move in double time or run. As a nautical term it is synonymous to the expression to get round headland, etc. Dub, on the contrary, renders only one of the specific meanings (see p. 110). The curtailed words belonging to this type are mostly mono-semantic as, for example, lab, exam, and fan. Also they are often homonymous: compare van and vac as treated above, also gym for gymnastics and gym for gymnasium, or vet for veteran and veterinary. Most of these by conversion produce verbs: to phone, to vac, to vet, etc. , in which the semantic relationship with the prototype remains quite clear. Between the two groups of well-defined extreme cases, namely variants or synonyms and doublets, there exist numerous intermediate cases, where the classification is difficult. The appearance of a more complex semantic structure in a word is a step towards its acquiring greater independence and thus becoming not a variant but a doublet of the prototype. This intermediate state is illustrated by the word polio which means not only the illness but also a person suffering from poliomyelitis, although the phrases a polio case or a polio victim are more often used. The second extreme group, the etymological doublets, may develop semantic structures of their own. Very complex semantic cases like fancy with its many meanings and high valiancy are nevertheless rare. It has been specified in the definition of the process that the clipped part is not always a complete morpheme, so that the division is only occasionally correlated with the division into immediate constituents. For instance, in phone for telephone and photo for photograph the remaining parts are complete morphemes occurring in other words. On the other hand in ec or eco (from economics) the morphological structure of the prototype is disregarded. All linguists agree that most often it is either the first or the stressed part of the word that remains to represent the whole. An interesting and convincing explanation for this is offered by M. M. Segal, who quotes the results of several experimental investigations dealing with informal! Vine parts of words. These experiments carried out by psychologists have proved very definitely that the initial components of words are imprinted in the mind and memory more readily than the final parts. The signaling value of the first stressed syllable, especially when it is at the same time the root syllable, is naturally much higher than that of the unstressed final syllables with their reduced vowel sounds. As a rule, but not necessarily, clipping follows the syllabic principle of word division, e. g. pep (si. ) vigour, spirit from pepper, or plane from aero plane. In other instances it may be quite an arbitrary part of the prototype, e. g. prep (school. ) Homework is from preparation. Unlike conversion, shortening produces new words in the same part of speech. The bulk of curtailed words is constituted by nouns, Verbs are hardly ever shortened in present-day English, Rev from revolve and tab from tabulate may be considered exceptions. Such clipped verbs as do occur are in fact converted nouns. Consequently the verbs to perm, to phone, to taxi, to vac, to vet and many others are not curtailed words diachronically hut may be regarded as such by right of structure, from the synchronic point of view. As to the verbs to pent, to mend, to tend and a few others, they were actually coined as curtailed words but not at the present stage of language development. Shortened adjectives are very few and mostly reveal a combined effect of shortening and suffixation, e. g. comfy . comfortable, dilly :: delightful, imposes :: impossible, muzzy :: miserable, which occur in schoolgirl slang. As an example of a shortened interjection Shun! :: attention, the word of command may be mentioned, Various classifications of shortened words have been or may he offered. The generally accepted one is that based on the position of the clipped part. According to whether it is the final, initial or middle part of the word that is cut off we disti nguish final clipping (or apocopate),2 initial clipping (or aphesis) 3 and medial clipping (or syncope) [4] SHORTENED WORDS . Final clipping in which the beginning of the prototype is retained, is practically the rule, and forms the bulk of the class: e. g. ad, advert :: advertisement, coke :: coca-cola, ed -. -. editor, -fab :; fabulous, gym :: gymnastics or gymnasium, lab :; laboratory, mac :: mackintosh, vegs :: vegetables and many others. 2. Initial-clipped words retaining the final part of the prototype . are less numerous but much more firmly established as separate lexical units with a meaning very different from that of the prototype and stylistically neutral doublets, e. g. ute adj, n (Am) :: acute, fend v :: defend, mend v :: amend, story n :: history, sport n :: disport, tend v :: attend. Cases like cello:: violoncello and phone :: telephone where the curtailed words are stylistically synonyms or even variants of their respective prototypes are very rare. Neologisms are f ew: e. g. chute:: parachute. It is in this group that the process of assimilation of loan words takes place. Final and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained. These are few and definitely colloquial: e. . flu :: influenza, frig ox fridge :: refrigerator, tec :: detective. It is worthy of note that what is retained is the stressed syllable of the prototype. 3. Curtailed words with the middle part of the word left out are equally few. They may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme: math:: mathematics, specs :: spectacles; (b) contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus fancy:: fantasy, maam :: madam may be regarded as accelerated forms. It is also possible to approach shortened words on the basis of the structure characterizing the prototype. Then the two mutually exclusive groups are cases correlated with words and those correlated with phrases. The length of the word giving rise to a shortening might result from its being a derivative, a compound or a borrowing. The observation of language material, however, can furnish hardly any examples of the second type (compounds), all the word prototypes being derivatives, either native or borrowed, as is shown by all the examples quoted in the above paragraphs. The few exceptions are exemplified by tarmac, a technical term for tar-macadam, a road surface of crushed stone and tar originally named after the inventor (J. L. Mc Adam, d. 1836); also cabbie for cabman. But then -man in such cases is most often a semi-affix, not a free form, and, besides, the process of shortening is here combined with derivation as in mightier for nightdress. The group we have opposed to the curtailed forms of words is based on clipped phrases, chiefly set expressions. These differ severable from word clippings as they result from a combined effect of curtailment, ellipsis and substantiation. E11ipsis is defined as the omission of a word or words considered essential for grammatical completeness but not for the conveyance of the intended lexical meaning, as in the following example: Police summonses are being served in an effort to stop the big sit down planned for September 17 (Daily Worker), where sit-down stands for sit down demonstration, S. Ullmann following Broal emphasizes the social causes for these. Professional and other communities with a specialized sphere of common interests are the ideal setting for ellipsis. Open on for open fire on, and put to sea for put ship to sea are of wartime and navy origin, and bill for bill of exchange comes from business circles; in a newspaper office daily paper and weekly paper were quite naturally shortened to daily and weekly. It is clear from the above examples that unlike other types of shortening, ellipsis always results in a change of lexico-gravimetrical meaning, and therefore the new word belongs to a different part of speech. Various other processes are often interwoven with ellipsis. For instance: finals for final examinations are a case of ellipsis combined with substantiation of the first element, whereas prelims for preliminary examinations results from ellipsis, substantivation and clipping. Cf. also modes (from Modern jazz). Other examples of the same complex type are perm :: permanent wave, pop :: popular music,2 prom :: promenade concert, i. e. a concert at which at least part of the audience is not seated and can walk about, pub :: public house —an inn or tavern, taxi :: taxi-cab, itself formed from taximeter-cab. Inside this group a subgroup with prefixed derivatives as first elements of prototype phrases can do distinguished, e. g. co-ed a girl student at a co-educational institution, co-op co-operative store or society, non-com a noncommissioned officer, prefab a prefabricated house or structure; to prefabricate means to manufacture component parts of buildings prior to their assembly on a site. It has already been mentioned that curtailed words from compounds are few; cases of curtailment combined with composition set off against phrasal prototypes are slightly more numerous, e. . ad-lib v to speak without notes or preparation from the Latin phrase add labium meaning at pleasure; sub chaser n from submarine chaser. A curious derivational compound with a clipping for one of its stems is the word teen-ager a person between 13 and 19, i. e. a person in his or her teens. The-jocular and ironical name Lib-Labs (Liberal and Labor Party members) illustrates clipping, composition and ellipsis and imitation of reduplication all in one word. Among these formations there is a specific group that has attracted special attention of several authors and was even given several different names: blends, bleu dings, fusions airport an tea words. The last term is due to Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. One of the most linguistically conscious writers, he made a special technique of using blends coined by himself, such as chortle v lt; chuckle + snort, missy adj lt; miserable -j- flimsy, galumph v lt; gallop -j- triumph, slither adj lt; slimy -\- lithe. Humpty Dumpy explaining these words to Alice says: You see its like a portmanteau — there are two meanings packed up into one word. The process of formation is also called telescoping because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope. Compare also snob which may have been originally an abbreviation for sine nobilities, written after a name in the registry of fashionable English schools to indicate tha t the bearer of the name did not belong to nobility. One of the most recent examples is bit, the fundamental unit of information, which is short for binary digit. The analysis into immediate constituents is helpful in so far as it permits the definition of a blend as a word with the first constituent represented by a stem whose final part may be missing, and the second constituent by a stem of which the initial part is missing. The second constituent when used in a series of similar blends may turn into a suffix. A new suffix on is, for instance, well under way in such terms as nylon, rayon, salon, formed from the final element of cotton. Depending upon the prototype phrases with which they can be correlated two types of blends can be distinguished. One may be termed additive, the second restrictive. Both involve the sliding together not only of sound but of meaning as well. Yet the semantic relations who are at work are different. The first, i. e. additive type is transformable into a phrase consisting of the respective complete stems combined by the conjunction and: e. g. smog lt; smoke and fog a mixture of smoke and fog1. The element may be synonymous, belong to the same semantic field or at least be members of the same lexico-grammatical class of words: (smoke) + (fog) gt; smog; cf. lso a new coinage amaze [ smog + haze: A Weath er Bureau official described the condition as a kind of smog-like haze. Call it amaze, he said. 1 Pakistan was made up of elements taken from the names of the five western provinces: the initials of Panjab, Afghanis, Kashmir, and Singh, and the final part of Baluchistan. Other examples are: brunch breakfast and lunch; transceiver transmitter and receiver, Niffles Niagara Falls. The restrictive type is transformable into an attributive phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of the second: cinematographic panorama Cinerama. Other examples are: positron lt; positive electron; telecast lt; television broadcast. An interesting variation of the same type is presented by cases of superposition, formed by pairs of words having similar clusters of sounds, which seem to provoke blending, e. g. a motel lt; motorists hotel: the element -ot- is present in both parts of the prototype. Further examples are: shampoo lt; sham bamboo (imitation bamboo); egomaniac lt; atom maniac; languagelt;slang + language, warphan war orphan. Blends, although not very numerous altogether, seem to be on the rise, especially in terminology and also in trade advertisements. Curtailed words arise in various types of colloquial speech, and have for the most part a pronounced stylistic coloring as long as their connection with the prototype is alive, so that they remain synonyms. When the connection with the prototype is lost, the curtailed word may become stylistically neutral: e. g. brig, cab, cello, and pram. Stylistically colored shortened words may belong to any variety of colloquial style. They are especially numerous in various branches of slang: school slang, service slang, sport slang, newspaper slang, etc. Familiar colloquial style gives such examples as bobby, cabbie, mac, and max from maximum, movies. Nursery words are often clipped: grand, granny, hanky from handkerchief, ma, nigh tie from nightdress, pinkie from pinafore. Stylistic peculiarity often goes hand in hand with emotional coloring as is revealed in the above diminutives. School and college slang, on the other hand, reveal some sort of reckless if not ironical attitude to the things named: caf from cafeteria self-service restaurant, digs from diggings lodgings, ec, eco from economics, home ecs, lab, math’s, prelims, prep, prof, trig, undergrad, vac, varsity. Service slang is very rich in clipped words; some of them penetrate the familiar colloquial style. A few examples are: demob from demobilize, divvy n from civilian, op n from operator, non-com n from non-combatant, corps n from corporal, serge n from sergeant. The only types of clippings that belong to bookish style are the poetical contractions, such as een, eer, neer, oer 2. 2. BLENDING OF WORDS Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition. To form a blend we clip the end of the first component (apocope) and the beginning of the second component (aphaeresis). As a result we have a compound- shortened word. One of the first blends in English was the word  «smog » from two synonyms: smoke and fog which means smoke mixed with fog. From the first component the beginning is taken, from the second one the end,  «o » is common for both of them. Blends formed from two synonyms are: languange, to hustle, gasohol etc. Mostly blends are formed from a word-group, such as : acromania (acronym mania), cinemadict (cinema adict), chunnel (channel, canal), dramedy (drama comedy), detectifiction (detective fiction), faction (fact fiction) (fiction based on real facts), informecial (information commercial), Medicare ( medical care), magalog ( magazine atalogue) slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sociolite (social elite), slanguist ( slang linguist) etc. 3. 2 BACK FORMATION It is the way of word-building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. It is opposite to suffixation that is why it is called back formation. At first it appeared in the language as a result of misunderstanding the structure of a borrowed word. Prof. Yartseva explains this mistake by the influence of the whole system of the language on separate words. E. g. t is typical of English to form nouns denoting the agent of the action by adding the suffix -er to a verb stem (speak- speaker). So when the French word  «beggar » was borrowed into English the final syllable  «ar » was pronounced in the same way as the English -er and Englishmen formed the verb  «to beg » by dropping the end of the noun. Other examples of back formation are: to accreditate (from accreditation), to bach (from bachelor), to collocate (from collocation), to enthuse (from enthusiasm), to compute (from computer), to emote (from emotion) to reminisce ( from reminiscence), to televise (from television) etc. As we can notice in cases of back formation the part-of-speech meaning of the primary word is changed, verbs are formed from nouns. 4. 2 BACK FORMATION AS A SOURCE FOR SHORTENING OF WORDS The meaning of a word can change in the course of time. Changes of lexical meanings can be proved by comparing contexts of different times. Transfer of the meaning is called lexico-semantic word-building. In such cases the outer aspect of a word does not change. The causes of semantic changes can be extra-linguistic and linguistic, e. g. the change of the lexical meaning of the noun  «pen » was due to extra-linguistic causes. Primarily  « pen » comes back to the Latin word  «penna » (a feather of a bird). As people wrote with goose pens the name was transferred to steel pens which were later on used for writing. Still later any instrument for writing was called  « a pen ». On the other hand causes can be linguistic, e. g. the conflict of synonyms when a perfect synonym of a native word is borrowed from some other language one of them may specialize in its meaning, e. g. the noun  «tide » in Old English was polysemantic and denoted  «time »,  «season »,  «hour ». When the French words  «time »,  «season », and  «hour » were borrowed into English they ousted the word  «tide » in these meanings. It was specialized and now means  «regular rise and fall of the sea caused by attraction of the moon)). The meaning of a word can also change due to ellipsis, e. g. the word-group  «a train of carriages » had the meaning of  «a row of carriages)), later on  «of carriages)) was dropped and the noun  «train)gt; changed its meaning, it is used now in the function and with the meaning of the whole word-group. Semantic changes have been classified by different scientists. The most complete classification was suggested by a German scientist Herman Paul in his work  «Prinzipien des Sprachgeschichte)). It is based on the logical principle. Me distinguishes two main ways where the semantic change is gradual (specialization and generalization), two momentary conscious semantic changes (metaphor and metonymy) and also secondary ways: gradual (elevation and degradation), momentary (hyperbole and litotes). SPECIALIZATION It is a gradual process when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere of communication, e. g. case » has a general meaning  «circumstances in which a person or a thing is ». It is specialized in its meaning when used in law (a law suit), in grammar (a form in the paradigm of a noun), in medicine (a patient, an illness). The difference between these meanings is revealed in the context. The meaning of a word can specialize when it remains in the general usage. It happens in the case of the conflict between two absolute synonyms when one of them must specialize in its meaning to remain in the language, e. g. the native word (meat) had the meaning (food), this meaning is preserved in the compound  «sweetmeats)). The meaning (edible flesh)) was formed when the word  «food)), its absolute synonym, won in the conflict of absolute synonyms (both words are native). The English verb  «starve) was specialized in its meaning after the Scandinavian verb  «die » was borrowed into English.  «Die » became the general verb with this meaning because in English there were the noun  «death)gt; and the adjective  «dead ».  «Starve) got the meaning  «to die of hunger » meanings: in Russian we say, in English we use the verb  «come » in this case. In English we use the verb  «go » in the combinations:  «to go by bus »,  «to go by train » etc. In Russian in these cases we use the verb. The number of meanings does not correspond to the number of words; neither does the number of notions. Their distribution in relation to words is peculiar in every language. The Russian has two words for the English  «man ». In English, however,  «man » cannot be applied to a female person. We say in Russian: In English we use the word  «person »/ She is a good person »/ Development of lexical meanings in any language is influenced by the whole network of ties and relations between words CONCLUSION 1. Having analyzed the problem of shortening of words in Modern English we could do the following conclusions: a) The problem of shortened words in Modern English is very actual nowadays. b) There are several kinds of shortening: shortening proper, blending, abbreviations. c) A number of famous linguists dealt with the problem of shortening of words in Modern English. In particular, Profs. Ullmann and Broal emphasized the social reas ons for shortening, L. Lipka pointed out non-binary contrast or many-member lexical sets and gave the type which he called directional opposition, V. N. Comissarov and Walter Skeat proved the link of homonymy influence with the appearing of shortened words, etc. d) The problem of shortening is still waits for its detail investigation. 2. 3. Having said about the perspectives of the work we hope that this work will find its worthy way of applying at schools, lyceums and colleges of high education by both teachers and students of English. We also express our hopes to take this work its worthy place among the lexicological works dedicated to the types of shortening.